Reconsidering FDA Guidelines: A Single-Center Experience of Prolonged Impella 5.5 Support.

OBJECTIVE: Impella 5.5 (Abiomed, Danvers, MA, USA) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for mechanical circulatory support for ≤14 days. It is unknown whether prolonged support is associated with worse outcomes. We sought to review our single-center experience with Impella 5.5 and compare outcomes based on support duration. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed adult patients (≥18 years old) supported with Impella 5.5 at our institution (May 2020 to April 2023). Patients on prolonged support (>14 days) were compared with those supported for ≤14 days. RESULTS: There were 31 patients supported with Impella 5.5 including 14 (45.2%) supported >14 days. Median support duration for those on prolonged support was 43.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 25 to 63.5) days versus 8 (IQR 6, 13) days for those who were not (P < 0.001). Overall, the device-related complication rate was 9.7% and did not differ between groups (P = 0.08). Overall, 30-day postimplant survival was 71% and did not differ by support duration (P = 0.2). In-hospital mortality was 32% and did not differ between cohorts (P > 0.99). Among those surviving to explant (n = 22), long-term strategy included bridge to durable ventricular assist device (18%, n = 4), cardiac transplant (55%, n = 12), and cardiac recovery (27%, n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: High-risk patients with cardiogenic shock may be supported with Impella 5.5 beyond the FDA-approved duration without increased risk of complications or mortality.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica cubana sobre asma en Scopus

Introducción: El asma es una entidad con alta prevalencia a nivel mundial y en Cuba, que ha suscitado nuevas investigaciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar la producción científica cubana sobre asma en la base de datos Scopus. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y bibliométrico de los artículos publicados sobre asma en Scopus con autores cubanos, desde 1973 hasta 2021. Para la recuperación de los registros se empleó una fórmula de búsqueda. Para el análisis de los datos se usaron los software Bibexcel y VOSviewer. Resultados: Se publicaron 154 investigaciones sobre asma, con predominio de artículos originales (136) y de revisión (12). Las áreas más productivas fueron Medicina (144) e Inmunología y Microbiología (34). Los artículos fueron publicados en 48 revistas; de ellas, 11 fueron cubanas, con la Revista Cubana de Medicina como la más productiva. México aportó el mayor número de colaboraciones (10). El Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente General Calixto García (15) fue el más productivo. Se identificaron tres clústeres de palabras clave, con "human", "asthma" y "Cuban" como términos centrales y de mayor ocurrencia. Conclusiones: Existió una baja producción científica sobre asma, centrada principalmente en artículos originales, en el área de Medicina y en revistas nacionales. Se evidenció colaboración internacional. Los ejes principales de investigación fueron el diagnóstico, tratamiento, investigación básica en modelos animales, nuevas terapéuticas, factores de riesgo y prevención.

Introduction: Asthma is an entity with high prevalence worldwide and in Cuba, which has prompted new research. Objective: To characterize Cuban scientific production on asthma in the Scopus database. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive and bibliometric study was carried out on articles on asthma published in Scopus by Cuban authors, from 1973 to 2021. A search formula was used to retrieve the records. Bibexcel and VOSviewer were used for data analysis. Results: 154 research papers on asthma were published; with a predominance of original (136) and review articles (12). The most productive areas were Medicine (144) and Immunology and Microbiology (34). Articles were published in 48 journals, of which 11 were Cuban, with the Revista Cubana de Medicina (Cuban Journal of Medicine) being the most productive. Mexico contributed the highest number of collaborations (10). The Teaching Hospital General Calixto García (15) was the most productive. 3 key word clusters were identified, with "human", "asthma" and "Cuban" as central and most occurring terms. Conclusions: There was a low scientific production on asthma, mainly focused on original articles, in the area of Medicine and in national journals. International collaboration was evident. The main areas of research were diagnosis, treatment, basic research in animal models, new therapeutics, risk factors and prevention.

Synthesis of substituted benzylboronates by light promoted homologation of boronic acids with N-sulfonylhydrazones.

The synthesis of benzylboronates by photochemical homologation of boronic acids with N-tosylhydrazones under basic conditions is described. The reaction involves the photolysis of the N-tosylhydrazone salt to give a diazoalkane followed by the geminal carboborylation of the diazoalkane. Under the mild reaction conditions, the protodeboronation of the unstable benzylboronic acid is circumvented and the pinacolboronates can be isolated after reaction of the benzylboronic acid with pinacol. The metholodogy has been applied to the reactions of alkylboronic acids with N-tosylhydrazones of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, and to the reactions of arylboronic acids with N-tosylhydrazones of aliphatic ketones. Moreover, the employment of the DBU/DIPEA bases combination allows for homogeneous reactions which have been adapted to photochemical continuous flow conditions. Additionally, the synthetic versatility of boronates enables their further transformation via Csp3-C or Csp3-X bond forming reactions converting this methodology into a novel method for the geminal difunctionalization of carbonyls via N-tosylhydrazones.

Photochemical halogen-bonding assisted carbothiophosphorylation reactions of alkenyl and 1,3-dienyl bromides.

Herein, we present a synthetic procedure for the facile and general preparation of novel S-alkenyl and dienyl phosphoro(di)thioates for the first time. Extensive mechanistic investigations support that the reactions rely on a photochemical excitation of a halogen-bonding complex, formed with a phosphorothioate salt and an alkenyl or dienyl bromide, which light-induced fragmentation leads to the formation of the desired products through a radical-based pathway. The substrate scope is broad and exhibits a wide functional group tolerance in the formation of the final compounds, including molecules derived from natural products, all with unknown and potentially interesting biological properties. Eventually, a very efficient continuous flow protocol was developed for the upscale of these reactions.

Shining light on halogen-bonding complexes: a catalyst-free activation mode of carbon-halogen bonds for the generation of carbon-centered radicals.

The discovery of new activation modes for the creation of carbon-centered radicals is a task of great interest in organic chemistry. Classical activation modes for the generation of highly reactive radical carbon-centered intermediates typically relied on thermal activation of radical initiators or irradiation with unsafe energetic UV light of adequate reaction precursors. In recent years, photoredox chemistry has emerged as a leading strategy towards the catalytic generation of C-centered radicals, which enabled their participation in novel synthetic organic transformations which is otherwise very challenging or even impossible to take place. As an alternative to these activation modes for the generation of C-centered radicals, the pursuit of greener, visible-light initiated reactions that do not necessitate a photoredox/metal catalyst has recently caught the attention of chemists. In this review, we covered recent transformations, which rely on photoactivation with low-energy light of a class of EDA complexes, known as halogen-bonding adducts, for the creation of C-centered radicals.

Release of phenolic compounds from fermented cocoa powder during fast heating in a novel hot plate reactor.

This article studies the release of phenolic compounds during cocoa heating under vacuum, N2, and air atmospheres, and proposes fast heating (60 °C • s-1) as a methodology that allows the release of polyphenols from fermented cocoa powder. We aim to demonstrate that gas phase transport is not the only mechanism to extract compounds of interest and that convective-type mechanisms can facilitate the process by reducing their degradation. The oxidation and transport phenomena were evaluated both in the extracted fluid and in the solid sample during the heating process. Polyphenols transport phenomena were assessed based on the fluid (chemical condensate compounds) that was collected cold with an organic solvent (methanol) in a hot plate reactor. Out of all the polyphenolic compounds present in cocoa powder, we assessed specifically the release of catechin and epicatechin. We found that high heating rates combined with vacuum or N2 favor the ejection of liquids; then, it is possible to extract compounds such as catechin-which is dissolved/entrained and transported in the ejected liquids-and avoid degradation phenomena.

Circulating Biomarkers in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is an underdiagnosed pathologic process that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Biomarkers, molecules measurable in the blood, could inform the clinician by aiding in the diagnosis and management of coronary microvascular dysfunction. We present an updated review of circulating biomarkers in coronary microvascular dysfunction representing key pathologic processes, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, coagulation, and other mechanisms.

Heparin-based versus bivalirudin-based anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review.

Introduction: Optimal anticoagulation therapy is essential for the prevention of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in pediatric patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Recent data have demonstrated bivalirudin has the potential to surpass and replace heparin as the anticoagulant of choice. Methods: We conducted a systematic review comparing the outcomes of heparin-based versus bivalirudin-based anticoagulation in pediatric patients supported on ECMO to identify the preferred anticoagulant to minimize bleeding events, thrombotic complications, and associated mortality. We referenced the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. These databases were searched from inception through October 2022. Our initial search identified 422 studies. All records were screened by two independent reviewers using the Covidence software for adherence to our inclusion criteria, and seven retrospective cohort studies were identified as appropriate for inclusion. Results: In total, 196 pediatric patients were anticoagulated with heparin and 117 were anticoagulated with bivalirudin while on ECMO. Across the included studies, it was found that for patients treated with bivalirudin, trends were noted toward lower rates of bleeding, transfusion requirements, and thrombosis with no difference in mortality. Overall costs associated with bivalirudin therapy were lower. Time to therapeutic anticoagulation varied between studies though institutions had different anticoagulation targets. Conclusion: Bivalirudin may be a safe, cost-effective alternative to heparin in achieving anticoagulation in pediatric ECMO patients. Prospective multicenter studies and randomized control trials with standard anticoagulation targets are needed to accurately compare outcomes associated with heparin versus bivalirudin in pediatric ECMO patients.

Aspectos clínicos-epidemiológicos de la COVID-19 en pacientes de Pinar del Río / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients from Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: la COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, que puede provocar un síndrome respiratorio agudo por lo que constituye en la actualidad una emergencia de salud pública internacional. Objetivo: identificar los factores clínicos epidemiológicos de la COVID-19 en el período de marzo de 2020 a mayo de 2021 en Pinar del Río. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en la provincia de Pinar del Río. Se exploraron los datos tomados de los informes estadísticos de la Unidad Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología de los pacientes egresados por COVID-19. Se identificaron variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Resultados: los grupos etarios de 41-50 años, 51-60 años representaron el 17,16 % para ambos seguido del grupo de 21-30 años que representó 16,23 %. El sexo masculino predominó sobre el femenino, para un 52,82 %. Predominaron los casos con evolución asintomática, lo que representó el 53,28 %. El curso sintomático fue mayor en los grupos etarios de 21-30 años y 51-60 años. Los síntomas predominantes fueron tos y fiebre, seguidos por rinorrea y odinofagia. La hipertensión arterial fue la enfermedad más frecuente seguida del asma y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El municipio de Pinar del Río presentó el mayor número de casos positivos. Conclusiones: existió un ligero predominio de pacientes asintomáticos. La fiebre y los síntomas respiratorios fueron predominantes. Las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y el asma. El municipio Pinar del Río fue el más afectado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can cause acute respiratory syndrome and is currently an international public health emergency. Objective: to identify the epidemiological clinical factors of COVID-19 in the period from March 2020 to May 2021 in Pinar del Rio. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Pinar del Rio province. Data collected from the statistical reports of the Provincial Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology of COVID-19 discharged patients were explored. Clinical and epidemiological variables were identified. Results: the age groups 41-50 years, 51-60 years represented 17,16 % for both, followed by the group 21-30 years which represented 16,23 %. Male sex predominated over the female sex, representing 52,82 %. Cases with asymptomatic evolution predominated, representing 53,28 %. The symptomatic course of the disease predominated in the age groups 21-30 and 51-60 years old. The most predominant symptoms were cough and fever, followed by rhinorrhea and odynophagia. Hypertension was the most frequent disease followed by asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Pinar del Rio municipality presented the highest number of positive cases. Conclusions: there was a slight predominance of asymptomatic patients. Fever and respiratory symptoms prevailed. The most frequent chronic diseases were hypertension and asthma. Pinar del Rio municipality was the most affected region.

Infecciones en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias en Pinar del Río / Infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies in Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: los errores innatos de la inmunidad son trastornos cuya causa es un defecto genético en uno o más componentes del sistema inmune. A pesar de que la forma de presentación varía según el defecto genético, la mayoría cursa con enfermedades infecciosas que presentan características de recurrencia y persistencia. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de los procesos infecciosos en los pacientes registrados con diagnóstico de Inmunodeficiencia Primaria en el Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, en el periodo comprendido de 1994 a marzo de 2021. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron los registros médicos de 125 pacientes diagnosticados de inmunodeficiencias que aparecen registrados en la Base de Datos del Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río. Resultados: el 85,6 % de pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de algún déficit predominante de anticuerpos. Predominó el sexo masculino, y el rango etario de 6 a 10 años. Las infecciones de mayor presencia fueron la faringoamigdalitis aguda catarral (77,6 %), seguido de la neumonía (58,4 %) y la amigdalitis (56 %). De los signos de alarma que se relacionan con infecciones solo cuatro se encontraron en los pacientes del registro. Conclusión: la susceptibilidad a infecciones no es necesariamente el rasgo clínico preponderante en las inmunodeficiencias primarias, pero el fenotipo infeccioso es el mejor indicador sugestivo para algún defecto de la inmunidad. Aunque es necesario plantear nuevos criterios de manifestaciones infecciosas que faciliten el diagnóstico probable de inmunodeficiencia de forma general y por grupos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: inborn errors of immunity are disorders whose cause is a genetic defect in one or more components of the immune system. Although the form of presentation varies according to the genetic defect, most of them present infectious diseases with recurrent and persistent characteristics. Objective: to determine the prevalence of infectious processes in patients registered with diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency in the Immunology Service at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Pinar del Rio in the period from 1994 to March 2021. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. The medical records of 125 patients diagnosed with immunodeficiencies registered in the database of the Immunology Service at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Pinar del Rio were analyzed. Results: the 85,6 % of patients presented diagnosis of some predominant antibody deficit. The predominant sex was male and the age range was from 6 to 10 years old. The most frequent infections were acute catarrhal pharyngotonsillitis (77,6 %), followed by pneumonia (58,4 %) and tonsillitis (56 %). Of the alarm signs related to infections only 4 were found in the patients in the registry. Conclusions: susceptibility to infections is not necessarily the predominant clinical feature in primary immunodeficiencies, but the infectious phenotype is still the best suggestive indicator for a defect in immunity. Although it is necessary to propose new criteria for infectious manifestations that facilitate the probable diagnosis of immunodeficiency in general and by groups.

Enfermedades crónicas y tabaquismo en la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Pinar del Río / Chronic diseases and smoking in SARS-CoV-2 infection in Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: el mundo enfrenta una nueva pandemia ante el brote de SARS-CoV-2 iniciado en Wuhan, China en diciembre de 2019. Las diferencias genéticas del hospedero y factores de riesgo como: antecedentes personales, estilos de vida y factores ambientales pueden contribuir a la marcada variabilidad clínica interindividual en la COVID-19. Objetivo: identificar los antecedentes patológicos personales (enfermedades crónicas y tabaquismo) asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles en Pinar del Río en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2020 a marzo de 2021. Se exploraron antecedentes personales de enfermedades crónicas y el antecedente de tabaquismo como factor ambiental. Resultados: los antecedentes patológicos personales de alergia y asma constituyeron factores de riesgo para desarrollar síntomas. Se presenta el antecedente de fumador activo como un factor de riesgo para la infección. Conclusiones: se demuestra la contribución de los antecedentes patológicos personales (alergia y asma), y ambientales (fumador activo) a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y al desarrollo de síntomas en pacientes de COVID-19 en Pinar del Río.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the world deals with a new pandemic because of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak initiated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Host genetic differences and risk factors such as: personal history, lifestyles and environmental factors may contribute to the marked inter-individual clinical variability in COVID-19. Objective: to identify personal pathological history (chronic diseases and smoking) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: analytical, observational study of cases and controls in Pinar del Rio in the period from March 2020 to March 2021. Personal history of chronic diseases and smoking as an environmental factor were explored. Results: personal pathological history of allergies and asthma constituted risk factors to develop symptoms. History of active smoking is presented as a risk factor for infection. Conclusions: the contribution of personal pathological history (allergy and asthma) and environmental (active smoking) to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to the development of symptoms in COVID-19 patients in Pinar del Rio is confirmed.

Modelo para historia clínica en inmunodeficientes primarios, Pinar del Río / Model for clinical history in primary immunodeficient patients, Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: los errores innatos de la inmunidad o inmunodeficiencias primarias se caracterizan por susceptibilidad incrementada a infecciones por defectos del desarrollo o función del sistema inmune. Para el diagnóstico debe incluirse la evaluación clínica, la analítica inmunológica, la evaluación genética, el seguimiento rutinario, la rediscusión diagnóstica y del tratamiento clínico. No existe una guía clara respecto a este asunto en condiciones de recursos limitados. Objetivo: diseñar un modelo para la confección de historia clínica en el paciente con sospecha de error innato de la inmunidad. Métodos: se realizó un trabajo de revisión de síntomas a contemplar en la historia clínica de pacientes con errores innatos de la inmunidad. Se formaron grupos de trabajo entre miembros del grupo provincial de Inmunología de Pinar del Río, con la posterior discusión de los aspectos que se incluyen en la historia. Resultados: se diseñaron cinco tablas que recogen: consentimiento informado; antecedentes patológicos personales relacionados con 148 manifestaciones clínicas en correspondencia con los fenotipos alérgico, infeccioso, inflamatorio, autoinmune, no inmunológico, neoplásico y otros. Se exponen antecedentes patológicos familiares y árbol genealógico; el examen físico y el resumen de los fenotipos clínicos, discusión diagnóstica y clasificación del paciente. Conclusiones: el interrogatorio, el examen físico, los antecedentes patológicos personales y familiares, así como la confección adecuada de la historia clínica son elementos imprescindibles para la aproximación al diagnóstico de los errores innatos de la inmunidad. Se debe contar con un registro de pacientes que posibilite el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno de la inmunodeficiencia primaria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: inborn errors of immunity or primary immunodeficiencies are characterized by increased susceptibility to infections due to defects in the development or functioning of the immune system. Diagnosis should include clinical evaluation, immunological analysis, genetic evaluation, routine follow-up, diagnostic re-discussion and clinical management. There is no clear guidance on this issue under resource-limited conditions. Objective: to design a model for clinical history in patients with suspected inborn error of immunity. Methods: a review of symptoms to be considered in the clinical history of patients with inborn errors of immunity was carried out. Working groups were formed among members of the provincial group of Immunology in Pinar del Rio province, with the subsequent discussion of the aspects to be included in the history. Results: five tables were designed to collect: informed consent; personal pathological antecedents related to 148 clinical manifestations in correspondence with allergic, infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, non-immune, neoplastic and other phenotypes. Family pathologic history and family tree; physical examination and summary of clinical phenotypes, diagnostic discussion and classification of the patient are presented. Conclusions: the interviews, physical examination, personal and family pathologic history, as well as the adequate design of the clinical history, are considered essential elements for the approach to the diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity. A patient registry should be available to enable early diagnosis and timely treatment of primary immunodeficiency.

Construction of NH-Unprotected Spiropyrrolidines and Spiroisoindolines by [4+1] Cyclizations of γ-Azidoboronic Acids with Cyclic N-Sulfonylhydrazones.

The reactions of N-sulfonylhydrazones derived from cyclic ketones with γ-azidopropylboronic acid and 2-(azidomethyl)phenylboronic acid give rise to spirocyclic pyrrolidines and spiroisoindolines, respectively. The reactions proceed without the need of any transition-metal catalyst through a domino process that comprises the formation of a Csp3 -C and a Csp3 -N bond of the former hydrazonic carbon. The scope of the reaction has been explored by the preparation of over 50 examples of NH-unprotected spirocyclic derivatives. Importantly, this methodology could be applied for the preparation of alkaloid steroids from steroid N-tosylhydrazones.

Critical role of the coronary microvasculature in heart disease: From pathologic driving force to "innocent" bystander.

The coronary microvasculature is responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to myocardial tissue. A healthy microvasculature with an intact and properly functioning endothelium accomplishes this by seemless changes in vascular tone to match supply and demand. Perturbations in the normal physiology of the microvasculature, including endothelial and/or vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, result in impaired function (vasoconstriction, antithrombotic, etc.) and structural (hypertrophic, fibrotic) abnormalities that lead to microvascular ischemia and potential organ damage. While coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is the primary pathologic driving force in ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA), angina with no obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA), and myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA), it may be a bystander in many cardiac disorders which later become pathologically associated with signs and/or symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Importantly, regardless of the primary or secondary basis of CMD in the heart, it is associated with important increases in morbidity and mortality. In this review we discuss salient features pertaining to known pathophysiologic mechanisms driving CMD, the spectrum of heart diseases where it places a critical role, invasive and non-invasive diagnostic testing, management strategies, and the gaps in knowledge where future research efforts are needed.

Modelo de regresión logística binaria para el cálculo de riesgo de asma en Pinar del Río / Binary logistic regression model for calculating asthma risk in Pinar del Río

RESUMEN Introducción: se evidencian progresos metodológicos hacia la optimización de los diseños de estudio y métodos analíticos en las interacciones genoma-ambiente en el asma, entre ellos los modelos de regresión logística. Objetivo: determinar un modelo de regresión logística binaria para identificar el riesgo de asma en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles en pacientes asmáticos en la provincia de Pinar del Río, Cuba, en el periodo 2015-2019. La muestra quedó constituida por 735 casos, estableciendo una proporción de casos/controles de 1:2. A partir de las variables genéticas, infecciosas y ambientales se realizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: se comprobó estadísticamente la correspondencia entre los valores reales y pronosticados de la variable dependiente (p=0,602). El R2 de Nagelkerke indicó que los predictores utilizados explican el 87 % de la variabilidad de la variable dependiente. El modelo estimado clasificó correctamente el 94 % de los casos, con una sensibilidad del 93 % y una especificidad de 95 %. El modelo resultó del empleo de 11 variables, de ellas, cuatro correspondieron a los antecedentes familiares de asma, cuatro a variables infecciosas y tres variables ambientales. Resultados: se comprobó estadísticamente la correspondencia entre los valores reales y pronosticados de la variable dependiente (p=0,602). El R2 de Nagelkerke indicó que los predictores utilizados explican el 87 % de la variabilidad de la variable dependiente. El modelo estimado clasificó correctamente el 94 % de los casos, con una sensibilidad del 93 % y una especificidad de 95 %. El modelo resultó del empleo de 11 variables, de ellas, cuatro correspondieron a los antecedentes familiares de asma, cuatro a variables infecciosas y tres variables ambientales Conclusiones: el análisis multivariado permitió la conformación de un modelo para el cálculo de la probabilidad de asma a partir de la utilización de las tablas de riesgo en Pinar del Río, lo que conduce a la implementación de la medicina personalizada y el perfeccionamiento de la medicina preventiva en la atención primaria de salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: there is evidence of methodological progress towards the optimization of study designs and analytical methods in genome-environment interactions in asthma, including logistic regression models. Objective: to determine a binary logistic regression model to identify the risk of asthma in pediatric patients. Methods: an observational, analytical, case-control study was conducted in asthmatic patients in Pinar del Río province, Cuba, in the period 2015-2019. The sample comprised 735 cases, establishing a ratio of cases/controls of 1:2. From the genetic, infectious and environmental variables, a binary logistic regression model was completed. Results: the correspondence between the current and predicted values of the dependent variable was statistically proven (p=0.602). Nagelkerke's R2 indicated that the predictors used explained 87% of the variability of the dependent variable. The estimated model correctly classified 94% of the cases, with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 95%. The model resulted from the use of 11 variables, of which four corresponded to family history of asthma, four to infectious variables and three to environmental variables. Conclusions: the multivariate analysis allowed designing a model for the calculation of the probability of asthma using the tables of risks in Pinar del Río, which leads to the implementation of personalized medicine and the improvement of preventive medicine in primary health care.

Bilateral maculopathy and cataracts secondary to an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge.

The aim of the study was to describe the ocular findings following an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge. A 32-year-old male suffered an accidental electric discharge of 10,000 volts of direct current. He developed cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular opacities in both the eyes. The retinal examination showed bilateral macular cysts. Four months after the event, the macular cyst in the OD spontaneously regressed without visual improvement. The macular cyst in the OS remained unchanged. High-voltage electrical discharge can lead to bilateral maculopathy and cataracts. The visual prognosis is reserved. The visual acuity may not improve despite macular cyst regression.

Synthesis of Pyrrolidines by a Csp3 -Csp3 /Csp3 -N Transition-Metal-Free Domino Reaction of Boronic Acids with γ-Azido-N-Tosylhydrazones.

The reaction between γ-azido-N-tosylhydrazones and boronic acids leads to the obtention of 2,2-disubstituted pyrrolidines in a domino process that includes 1) diazoalkane formation, 2) intermolecular carboborylation of the diazocompound, and 3) intramolecular carborylation of the azide, and comprises the formation of a Csp3 -Csp3 and a Csp3 -N bonds on the same carbon atom. The reaction proceeds without the need of any transition-metal catalyst under microwave activation and features wide scope in both reaction partners. It can be applied to both alkyl and arylboronic acids with equal efficiency. With N-tosylhydrazones derived from 2-(2-azidoethyl)-cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone the reactions are highly diastereoselective leading to the cis-fused bicyclic systems as unique diastereoisomers. The scope of the process is illustrated by over sixty examples, including scaffolds present in natural alkaloids, and the mechanistic proposal is suppported by DFT-based computations.

Vólvulo de vesícula biliar, a propósito de un caso / Gallbladder Volvulus: a case report

RESUMEN Introducción: el vólvulo de la vesícula biliar se define como la torsión del órgano sobre su mesenterio a lo largo del eje del conducto y arteria cística, es una enfermedad rara, que ocurre con mayor frecuencia en mujeres ancianas. Presentación del caso: se trata de una paciente femenina de 46 años de edad, de color de piel blanca, con antecedentes patológicos personales de úlcera duodenal, que practica hábitos tóxicos como el fumar y la ingestión de café. No se ha sometido con anterioridad a procederes quirúrgicos. Acude a cuerpo de guardia de Cirugía General del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Provincial Abel Santamaría Cuadrado de Pinar del Río con dolor en hipocondrio derecho, de leve intensidad y de aproximadamente 24 horas de evolución, acompañado de náuseas y dos vómitos con restos de alimentos. Se le diagnostica vólvulo de vesícula biliar, por lo cual recibe tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: el vólvulo de vesícula biliar, enfermedad infrecuente de gran similitud clínica a otras patologías de abdomen agudo, hace muy complejo su diagnóstico preoperatorio. No obstante, el advenimiento de las nuevas técnicas imagenológicas maniobradas por especialistas capacitados, junto con la correcta aplicación del método clínico epidemiológico facilitaron la capacidad diagnóstica que permitiera a los cirujanos tomar la decisión terapéutica acertada para el paciente, con resultados satisfactorios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: gallbladder volvulus is defined as the twisting of the organ over its mesentery along the axis of the duct and cystic artery; it is a rare disease, which more frequently occurs in older women. Case report: a 46 year-old, white skin color female patient, with personal pathological history of duodenal ulcer, having smoking and coffee ingestion habits, who has not previously undergone surgical procedures, she comes to the emergency room of the General Surgery Department at Abel Santamaria Cuadrado Provincial General Hospital in Pinar del Río referring pain in right hypochondriac region, of slight intensity and of approximately 24 hours of evolution; accompanied by nausea and two vomits with food remains. He is diagnosed with gallbladder volvulus, undergoing surgical treatment. Conclusions: gallbladder volvulus, an infrequent entity of great clinical similarity to other pathologies of the acute abdomen, makes a very complex pre-surgical diagnosis; nevertheless, the introduction of new imaging techniques performed by trained specialists, together with the accurate application of the clinical epidemiological method facilitated the diagnostic capacity, allowing the surgeons to take a correct and timely therapeutic decision for the patient and with satisfactory results.

Broadening the Scope of Steroidal Scaffolds: The Umpolung of a Bis-Primary Amine Precatalyst for the Insertion of CO2 into Epoxides.

A cholic acid-based bis-primary amine is capable of promoting the insertion of CO2 into epoxides with the cooperative aid of an iodide anion. This framework is transformed in situ into a bis-carbamic acid. The latter is the active catalytic species, operating through H-bonding interactions. Our system works with complete atom economy, under solvent-free, metal-free, and mild conditions. Also, it can be recycled.

Cascade and multicomponent synthesis of structurally diverse 2-(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines and polysubstituted pyrazoles.

The cascade reaction between N-tosylhydrazones and 2-alkynylpyridines leads to 2-(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines, important structural motifs in ligands for transition metals and bioactive molecules. When the reaction is conducted with 2,6-diethynylpyridine, the important 2,6-bis(pyrazolyl)pyridines are obtained, featuring the arrangement of tridentate and also pentadentate ligands. A novel three-component version of the reaction has been designed, which involves the use of α-bromo-N-tosylhydrazones, alkynylpyridines and NH-azoles. The generality of the multicomponent reaction is further illustrated by the preparation of different polysubstituted pyrazoles by employing an array of terminal alkynes. In these multicomponent reactions, complex molecules featuring three different heterocycles are assembled in a single step from commercial materials, enabling the fast generation of molecular diversity.